Zero Article In English

Zero-marking in English is the indication of a particular grammatical function by the absence of any morpheme (word, prefix, or suffix). The most common types of zero-marking in English involve zero articles, zero relative pronouns, and zero subordinating conjunctions. Examples are ''I like cats'' in which the absence of the definite article, ''the'', signals ''cats'' to be an indefinite reference, whose specific identity is not known to the listener; ''that's the cat I saw'' in which the relative clause ''(that) I saw'' omits the implied relative pronoun, ''that'', which would otherwise be the object of the clause's verb; and ''I wish you were here''. in which the dependent clause, ''(that) you were here'', omits the subordinating conjunction, ''that''.

In some varieties of English, grammatical information that would be typically expressed in other English varieties by grammatical function words or bound morpheme may be omitted. For example, most varieties of English use explicit plural morphemes (singular ''mango'' and plural ''mangoes''), West Indian creole languages refer to plural objects without such morphology (''I find one dozen mango.'').

The lack of marking to show grammatical category or agreement is known as zero-marking or zero morpheme realization. That information is typically expressed with prepositions, articles, bound morphemes or function words in other varieties of English.

Zero article

The term ''zero article'' refers to noun phrases that contain no articles, either definite or indefinite. English, like many other languages, does not require an article in plural noun phrases with a generic reference, one that is to a general class of things.

English also uses no article before a mass noun or a plural noun if the reference is indefinite, which is not specifically identifiable in context. For example:

*Generic mass noun: Happiness ''is contagious.''
*Generic plural noun: Cars ''have accelerators.''
*Generic plural noun: ''They want'' equal rights.
*Indefinite mass noun: ''I drink'' coffee.
*Indefinite plural noun: ''I saw'' cars.

In English, the zero article, rather than the indefinite article, is often used with plurals and mass nouns although ''some'' can function like an indefinite plural article:

* Friends ''have told us that they like our new house''.

The definite article is sometimes omitted before some words for specific institutions, such as ''prison'', ''school'', and (in standard non-American dialects) ''hospital''.

* ''She is in'' hospital.
* ''The criminal went to'' prison.
* ''I'm going to'' school.

The article may also be omitted between a preposition and the word ''bed'' when describing activities typically associated with beds.

* ''He is lying in'' bed.
* ''They went to'' bed.

Where a particular location is meant, or when describing activities that are not typical, the definite article is used.

* ''She was dismissed from'' the hospital.
* ''The plumber went to'' the prison ''to fix the pipes.''
* ''We were jumping on'' the bed.

The zero article is also used in instructions and manuals. In such cases, all of the references in the text are definite and so no distinction between definite and indefinite is needed.
*''Grasp'' drumstick. ''Place'' knife ''between'' thigh ''and'' body; ''cut through'' skin ''to'' joint. ''Separate'' thigh ''and'' drumstick ''at'' joint.

The zero article is used with meals.

*''I have just finished'' dinner.
*Breakfast ''is the most important meal of the day''.

The zero article is used when describing calendar years.

*''I was born in'' 1978.

The zero article is used before titles

*''The Board appointed him'' Captain.

Dialects

There is variation among dialects concerning which words may be used without the definite article. Standard American English, for example, requires ''the'' before ''hospital''.

Indian English frequently omits both definite and indefinite articles.

Zero relative pronoun

English can omit the relative pronoun from a dependent clause in two principal situations: when it stands for the object of the dependent clause's verb, and when it stands for the object of a preposition in the dependent clause. For example:

*"That's the car ''I saw''" (="That's the car ''that I saw''")
*"That's the thing ''I'm afraid of''" (="That's the thing ''of which I'm afraid''")

Furthermore, English has a type of clause called the reduced object relative passive clause, exemplified by

*"the man ''arrested at the station'' was a thief" (="The man ''who was arrested at the station'' was a thief")

Both the relative pronoun "who" and the passivizing auxiliary verb "was" are omitted. Such a clause can cause confusion on the part of the reader or listener, because the subordinate-clause verb ("arrested") appears in the usual location of the main-clause verb (immediately after the subject of the main clause). However, the confusion cannot arise with an irregular verb with a past participle that differs from the past tense:

*"The horse ''taken past the barn'' fell" (="The horse ''that was taken past the barn'' fell")

Zero subordinating conjunction

The subordinating conjunction ''that'' is often omitted:

*"I wish ''you were here''" (="I wish ''that you were here")

The dependent clause ''(that) you were here'' omits the subordinating conjunction, ''that''.

Zero pronoun in imperative

Like many other languages, English usually uses a zero pronoun in the second person of the imperative mood:

*"Go now"

However, the imperative is occasionally expressed with the pronoun being explicit (''You go now'').

Zero prepositions

Zero preposition refers to the nonstandard omission of a preposition.

In Northern Britain, some speakers omit the prepositions ''to'' or ''of'' in sentences with two objects.
*"So, she won't give us it." (She won't give it to us.)

Many types of Aboriginal English spoken by Aboriginal Australians omit ''in'', ''on'' and ''at'' to express a location.
*"I'll be the shop." (I'll be at the shop.)

Many English speakers omit prepositions entirely if they would otherwise be stranded at the end of a sentence containing a relative clause. That may result from the longstanding but disputed rule against ending a sentence with a preposition. Such omissions are nonstandard but are not associated with any particular dialect.
*"That is something I'm really interested." (That is something I'm really interested in.)

Other zero-marked forms

Zero do is the nonstandard absence of the word "do" or "did" in African American Vernacular English in some places in which Standard English uses it:

*"What you hit me for?" (What did you hit me for?)
*"How much those flowers cost?" (How much do those flowers cost)

Zero past marking is the absence of the past marker ''-ed'' in some nonstandard dialects like Caribbean English. Instead, the past is dealt with by other ways such as time markers:
*"Yesterday, I watch television."
*"I had pass the test."

Zero plural marking is the absence of the plural markers ''s'' and ''es'' in some nonstandard dialects like Caribbean English. The plural is instead marked by an article or a number:
*"I have two cat" (I have two cats)
In grammar, zero plural also refers to the irregular plural in which the Standard English singular form and the plural form are the same: ''I have one sheep'' or ''I have two sheep''.

Zero possessive marking is the absence of the possessive marker ''’s'' in some nonstandard varieties of English, such as African American Vernacular English:
*"I went to my father house" (I went to my father's house)

Zero third-person agreement is the absence of the third-person forms of verbs ending in ''s'' and ''es'' in some nonstandard dialects of English, such as African American Vernacular English. The feature is widely stigmatized as being a solecism.

See also

*False title
*Null morpheme
*PRO (linguistics)
*Zero (linguistics)
*Zero-marking language

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zero-Marking In English
English grammar
Nonstandard English grammar
Zero (linguistics)